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Feeding & Nutrition

Evidence-based guidance on breastfeeding, formula feeding, and introducing solid foods.

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Responsive settling at 6-18 months: reducing settling help

Responsive settling is responding to children’s comfort needs while helping them settle and sleep. Settling in arms and hands-on settling are responsive ways to settle babies and toddlers. If you wa

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Responsive settling at 0-6 months: settling in arms, hands-on settling, verbal reassurance

Responsive settling is responding to babies’ comfort needs while helping them settle and sleep. Responsive settling helps babies feel safe and secure. Settling in arms, hands-on settling and verbal

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Baby sleep and settling at 3-6 months: tips

In the early months, it’s important to be flexible and respond to babies’ needs. Three things can help with baby sleep and settling: make night and day different, put baby to bed drowsy but awake, an

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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About sleep

Sleep is important for growth, immunity, learning and memory. Babies, children and teenagers need different amounts of sleep. Sleep patterns change as babies and children get older. We all move thr

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Tired signs in babies and toddlers

When you see tired signs, it’s time to reduce stimulation and settle babies and toddlers for sleep. Newborn tired signs include pulling at ears, jerking arms and legs, and sucking fingers. Babies an

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Baby sleep at 2-12 months: what to expect

If babies seem content and healthy, it’s a sign that they’re getting enough sleep. Most babies under 6 months of age still need overnight feeds and help to settle in the night. As babies get older,

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: videos

Baby development at 0-6 months What do babies need for development at 0-6 months? Everyday interactions like comforting, playing and talking help to build your baby’s brain and skills. Baby developm

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: sleep

Baby sleep at 2-12 months: what to expect Baby sleep changes from 2-12 months. Babies need less sleep and sleep more at night. But many babies still wake at night and need help to settle. Read more.

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: safety

CPR for babies under 12 months: in pictures See how to do baby CPR. 1. Check for danger. 2. Check response. 3. Send for help. 4. Check airway and breathing. 5. Start compressions and rescue breaths.

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: play & learning

Play is more than just fun for babies and children. It’s how they learn and develop. Playing with your child is one of the most important things you can do. Article available in: Arabic, Dari, Dinka,

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: health & daily care

Hygiene and daily care for babies Find out how to clean baby eyes, ears, teeth, umbilical cords and genitals in our illustrated guide to hygiene and daily care for newborns and babies. Article availa

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: family life

Positive relationships for parents and children: how to build them Positive relationships between parents and children are key to child development. These relationships are about being in the moment,

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: development

Baby development and developmental milestones Babies develop through relationships and play. Developmental milestones track changes in babies as they learn to move, see, hear, communicate and interac

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: connecting & communicating

Bonding and attachment: babies Bonding and attachment are about giving your baby plenty of love, attention and interesting experiences. This helps your baby’s learning and development. Bonding with

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: breastfeeding, bottle-feeding & solids

Breastmilk and breastfeeding: benefits Breastmilk – designed by nature for human babies. Breastmilk and breastfeeding have many health and practical benefits for mothers and babies. Read more. Breas

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Babies: behaviour

As babies become more aware of the world, baby behaviour changes. Babies also get better at communicating, so it gets easier to understand baby behaviour. Temperament: what it is and why it matters

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Parenting in Pictures: babies

Telehealth appointments for children and teenagers: in pictures Our guide shows you how to get the most out of telehealth appointments: set up somewhere quiet, check technology, prepare children and

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Try these tips to find what you need: Use the search bars at the top or bottom of this page. Use the main navigation to choose content by age and other groupings. Browse health topics using the A-Z

Key Points:

  • Source: Raising Children Network
  • Evidence Grade: A
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Jan 19, 2026Reviewed: Jan 19, 2026
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Helping New Moms Navigate Feeding and First Foods

A comprehensive guide for new mothers on breastfeeding, formula, and the transition to solids.

Key Points:

  • Breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months if possible
  • Introduce solids around 6 months when baby shows readiness signs
  • Iron-rich foods are critical first foods for breastfed babies
Published: Jan 18, 2026Reviewed: Jan 18, 2026
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Nutrition and Healthy Eating

Healthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic Food nourishes the body and gives us energy to get through each day. Healthy eating is fundamental to good health and is a key element in healthy human de

Key Points:

  • Source: Health Canada
  • Region: CA
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 25, 2025Reviewed: Dec 25, 2025
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Young children and food: common questions

What are healthy snacks for young children? raw vegetable sticks, such as cucumber and carrots, on their own or with hummus a plain unsweetened yoghurt with a sliced banana in it a slice of toast w

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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What to feed young children

Like the rest of the family, your toddler needs to eat a variety of foods. Here are some tips on the different sorts of food to offer your child, plus a few it's best to avoid. Fruit and vegetables

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Vitamins for children

The government recommends all children aged 6 months to 5 years are given vitamin supplements containing vitamins A, C and D every day. Babies who are having more than 500ml (about a pint) of infant

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Fussy eaters

It's natural to worry whether your child is getting enough food if they refuse to eat sometimes. But it's perfectly normal for toddlers to refuse to eat or even taste new foods. Do not worry about w

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Foods to avoid giving babies and young children

Babies should not eat much salt, as it's not good for their kidneys. Do not add salt to your baby's food or cooking water, and do not use stock cubes or gravy, as they're often high in salt. Remembe

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Food allergies in babies and young children

Allergies and breastfeeding or formula feeding Exclusive breastfeeding or first infant formula is recommended for around the first 6 months of life. If you're pregnant or breastfeeding, you do not n

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Drinks and cups for babies and young children

Solid foods and milk for your baby You should continue to breastfeed or give your baby first infant formula until they're at least 1 year old. Breastfeeding will continue to benefit you and your bab

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Children's food: safety and hygiene

Keep your child safe from food bugs Babies and young children are especially vulnerable to bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Make sure your child isn't put at risk because of the way you prepa

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Baby and toddler meal ideas

If you need some inspiration to help you cook healthy and tasty food for your child, try these meal ideas. These are not suitable as first foods but are fine once your baby is used to eating a wide r

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Help your baby enjoy new foods

Once your baby is eating solids, it's important to give them a wide variety of foods from the 4 main food groups: pulses, meat and other proteins Getting your baby used to eating a variety of foods

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Your baby's first solid foods

When to start introducing solid foods Introducing your baby to solid foods, sometimes called complementary feeding or weaning, should start when your baby is around 6 months old. At the beginning, h

Key Points:

  • Source: National Health Service (NHS)
  • Region: UK
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants: Recommendations from Six to 24 Months

Learn more about the revision process. This statement by the Infant Feeding Joint Working Group provides health professionals with evidence-informed principles and recommendations. Provinces, territo

Key Points:

  • Source: Health Canada
  • Region: CA
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Nutrition for healthy term infants: Recommendations from birth to six months

Learn more about the revision process. This statement by the Infant Feeding Joint Working Group provides health professionals with evidence-informed principles and recommendations. Provinces, territo

Key Points:

  • Source: Health Canada
  • Region: CA
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Nemours KidsHealth® Celebrates 30 Years!

Nemours KidsHealth® (KidsHealth.org) is thrilled to mark a major milestone – its 30th anniversary! Founded on September 1, 1995, by visionary Dr. Neil Izenberg, a renowned (and recently retired) pedia

Key Points:

  • Source: KidsHealth (Nemours)
  • Region: US
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Dec 24, 2025Reviewed: Dec 24, 2025
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Working and Breastfeeding - Choosing a Child Care Provider - La Leche League International

Going back to work and leaving your baby in someone else’s care can be one of the most difficult parts of returning to work. Choosing the right person and right setting takes care. You want to find a

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Determined to Breastfeed: Three Guatemalan Mothers Share Their Secrets to Combining Work with Breastfeeding

(Spanish version: Determinadas a amamantar: tres madres guatemaltecas comparten sus secretos para combinar el trabajo con la lactancia.) Mothers in Guatemala have the legal right to devote one hour a

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Fighting for Fair Breastfeeding & Expressing Break Laws in South Africa & Across the Globe

After the birth of my son I witnessed the wonders of breastfeeding and was amazed by how breast milk is so much more than just food. It is such a special bond and the central piece to my whole motheri

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Working and Breastfeeding - La Leche League International

You may choose to continue breastfeeding while working outside the home for many reasons – the best food for your baby, antibodies to protect your baby, great way to reconnect when you return from wor

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Weaning: Unexpected - La Leche League International

Were you planning on continuing breastfeeding, but your baby has other ideas? Do you worry baby is trying to wean? First, make sure it isn’t just a nursing strike. Bottles, pacifiers or increased so

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Weaning: I Want To - La Leche League International

Are you thinking about weaning? Your child may be a few weeks or months old, or may be a breastfeeding toddler. Some mothers decide to continue breastfeeding until the baby outgrows the need. This is

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Weaning - How to Stop Breastfeeding

Are you feeling ready to wean completely? Sometimes just cutting back on the amount of times you breastfeed will make you feel better, breastfeeding can sometimes be overwhelming. Breastfeeding is a t

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Weaning - La Leche League International

If your doctor decides you need to take a drug (medicine) for a medical condition, make sure that they know how important it is for you to continue breastfeeding and check to see if a breastfeeding co

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Water Supplements - La Leche League International

Exclusively breastfed babies do not need water supplements – your body makes the perfect milk for your baby, actually changing the composition as he needs more or less water. Giving water to newborn

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Vitamins and Other Nutritional Supplements - La Leche League International

Advertisements, family members and even health professionals often urge mothers to add “something” to baby’s perfect diet of human milk. According to the our comprehensive guidebook, The Womanly Art o

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Vitamin D, Your Baby, and You - La Leche League International

It is a known fact that human milk is the superior infant food. Human milk is the most complete nutritionally, immunologically, and is the only food designed specifically for your baby. Given that it

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Impfungen - La Leche League International

English: Vaccines Gehe zu: Impfungen Gehe zu: Impfungen und stillende Mütter Gehe zu: COVID-19 Impfstoffe in der Stillzeit Gehe zu: Impfungen und das gestillte Baby Gehe zu: Ressourcen Du hast vielle

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
hierspracheenglischerinformationenimpfungen
Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Vaccines - La Leche League International

Deutsche: Impfungen Skip to: Vaccines Skip to: Vaccines and the breastfeeding parent Skip to: COVID-19 Vaccines and breastfeeding Skip to: Vaccines and the breastfed baby Skip to: Resources You may h

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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When There Are Two—Breastfeeding Twins

Adapted from a write-up of a discussion on breastfeeding twins by Sarah Gill and Sadie Morrison at the La Leche League Great Britain (LLLGB) Conference on 15 October 2016 in Derby. First published in

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Travel - La Leche League International

Traveling with a baby can be difficult! In many cases, babies travel well. Bringing your baby with you to a special event can be exciting… or nerve-racking! There are a few things many families have

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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Transgender & Non-binary Parents - La Leche League International

La Leche League is an international, nonprofit, nonsectarian organisation.1 LLL supports everyone who wants to breastfeed or chestfeed in reaching their goals. We at La Leche League have all nursed o

Key Points:

  • Source: La Leche League International
  • Region: Global
  • Evidence-based information for parents
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Published: Oct 12, 2025Reviewed: Oct 12, 2025
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